Salladasburg, PA Population by Race & Ethnicity

Racial distribution of Salladasburg population: 99.43% are white and 0.57% are Asian.
Updated Jul 15, 2024

FIGURE 1

Salladasburg, PA population by race.

The largest racial group in Salladasburg is White with a population of 175 (99.43% of the total population).

Discover Ready-to-Use Insights by Race & Ethnicity
Explore focused data insights across key demographics to drive informed decisions in your business and strategy
White
Demographics
Whites in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Whites in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ White population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Whites in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for White population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Whites in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among White population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Whites in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among White population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Whites in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among White population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Whites in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among White population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Whites in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among White population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Whites in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Whites in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Whites owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Whites ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
Black or African American
Demographics
Blacks in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Blacks in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Black population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Blacks in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Black population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Blacks in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Black population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Blacks in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Black population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Blacks in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Black population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Blacks in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Black population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Blacks in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Black population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Blacks in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Blacks in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Blacks owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Blacks ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
American Indian and Alaska Native
Demographics
Natives in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Natives in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Native population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Natives in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Native population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Natives in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Native population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Natives in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Native population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Natives in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Native population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Natives in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Native population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Natives in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Native population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Natives in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Natives in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Natives owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Natives ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
Asian
Demographics
Asians in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Asians in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Asian population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Asians in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Asian population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Asians in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Asian population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Asians in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Asian population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Asians in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Asian population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Asians in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Asian population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Asians in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Asian population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Asians in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Asians in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Asians owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Asians ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
Demographics
Islanders in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Islanders in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Islander population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Islanders in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Islander population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Islanders in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Islander population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Islanders in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Islander population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Islanders in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Islander population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Islanders in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Islander population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Islanders in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Islander population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Islanders in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Islanders in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Islanders owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Islanders ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
Hispanic / Latino
Demographics
Latinos in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Latinos in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Latino population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Latinos in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Islander population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Latinos in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Latino population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Latinos in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Latino population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Latinos in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Latino population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Latinos in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Latino population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Latinos in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Latino population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Latinos in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Latinos in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Latinos owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Latinos ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.
Two or more races (multiracial)
Demographics
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Demographic Landscape
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Current population statistics ‣ Historical trends and changes over time ‣ Geographical distribution across Salladasburg
Socio Economics
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Socioeconomic Status and Economic Opportunity
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Multiracial population income levels ‣ Employment rates and job sectors ‣ Poverty rates and economic challenges
Education
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Educational Attainment and Academic Performance
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Educational attainment for Islander population ‣ School enrollment and graduation rates ‣ Achievement gaps and potential causes
Health
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Health Disparities and Healthcare Access
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Health disparities among Multiracial population ‣ Access to healthcare ‣ Life expectancy and major health issues
Housing
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Housing and Residential Patterns
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Homeownership rates among Multiracial population ‣ Rental market trends and affordability ‣ Neighbourhood segregation and integration patterns
Crime
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Criminal Justice System Interactions
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Incarceration rates among Multiracial population ‣ Policing and community relations ‣ Racial profiling and reform efforts
Politics
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Political Representation and Civic Engagement
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Voting patterns and political affiliations among Multiracial population ‣ Representation in government ‣ Community activism and grassroots movements
Immigration
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Immigration and Migration Dynamics
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Historical immigration patterns among Multiracial population ‣ Current immigration trends ‣ Internal migration statistics
Interacial
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Interracial Relations and Social Cohesion
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Interracial marriages and multiracial population ‣ Social integration and segregation ‣ Hate crimes and discrimination incidents
Entrepreneurship
Multiracial in Salladasburg: Economic Impact and Entrepreneurship
$10 // Free with subscription
‣ Multiracial owned businesses and their economic impact ‣ Innovation and startups by Multiracial ‣ Workforce diversity in key Salladasburg industries
Custom
With over 2 million insights available, we can’t show them all here
Get Quote
Let us know what you’re looking for, and we’ll provide the reports that match your goals.

Salladasburg, PA population by race

The table below shows Salladasburg's population by race.

Race Population % of Total Population
White 175 99.43%
Black or African American 0 -
American Indian and Alaska Native 0 -
Asian 1 0.57%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander 0 -
Some other race 0 -
Two or more races (multiracial) 0 -

Salladasburg population by race

Of the 5 race categories (excluding ethnicity) identified by the Census Bureau, namely American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander and White; Salladasburg has a population in 2 of the race categories.

This confirms that Salladasburg's population is not that diverse.

The percent distribution of Salladasburg population by race (across all racial categories recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau): 99.43% are white and 0.57% are Asian.

FIGURE 1

Salladasburg, PA population by race.

The largest racial group in Salladasburg is White with a population of 175 (99.43% of the total population).

Trends
1Y 5Y 10Y CUSTOM

Salladasburg 's racial breakdown clearly shows that there is an absolute majority (i.e. more than 50% of the population belong to one particular race) of White population in the borough.

As per the latest data estimates from American Community Survey's 5-year estimates:

1. The largest racial group in Salladasburg is White with a population of 175 (99.43% of the total population).

2. There is no multiracial population, i.e. population that identify themselves with two or more races .

Racial / Ethnic makeup of Salladasburg, PA

By ethnicity, none of the population is Hispanic or Latino (of any race), and 176 (100% of the total population) is Non-Hispanic.

With a zero Hispanic population, Salladasburg is 100% Non-Hispanic. Among the Non-Hispanic population, the largest racial group is White alone with a population of 175 (99.43% of the total Non-Hispanic population).

FIGURE 2

Salladasburg, PA Non-Hispanic population by race

All percentages shown below are, % of Salladasburg's Non-Hispanic population.

Source: U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.

Salladasburg Non-Hispanic population by race

The distribution of the Non-Hispanic population across various race categories

Race Population % of Total Non-Hispanic Population
White alone 175 99.43%
Black or African American alone 0 0.00%
American Indian and Alaska Native alone 0 0.00%
Asian alone 1 0.57%
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone 0 0.00%
Some other race alone 0 0.00%
Two or more races (multiracial) 0 0.00%
Exploring Salladasburg's Diversity? Request Customized Data Now!

As all of the population is Non-Hispanic or Latino, Salladasburg's population is ethnically non-diverse.

Things to know

What percentage of Salladasburg, PA is Hispanic?

As per the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey estimates, 0% of Salladasburg population is Hispanic.

As all of the population is Non-Hispanic or Latino, Salladasburg's population is ethnically non-diverse.

How many Black people does Salladasburg, PA have?

Salladasburg, PA has zero Black or African American population as per the estimates from the latest American Community Survey 5-Year estimates.

What is the largest minority group in Salladasburg, PA?

With a 100% Non-Hispanic population, Salladasburg is ethnically biased, and does not have any ethnic minority.

That being said, with a 0.57% of the total population, Asians are the largest racial minority in Salladasburg.

What is the majority race in Salladasburg, PA?

With a population of 175 (99.43% of the total population), Whites are the largest racial majority in Salladasburg.

Asians are second largest race in Salladasburg, with 0.57% of the total population.

References

Notes

The analysis presented in this article is based on estimates derived from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey. While these figures offer valuable insights, they are subject to a margin of error. It is advisable to exercise caution and consider the potential margin of error when interpreting and utilizing this data.

Datasets

Explore datasets by year of publication.
2024
Salladasburg, PA Population Breakdown By Race (Excluding Ethnicity) Dataset: Population Counts and Percentages for 7 Racial Categories as Identified by the US Census Bureau // 2024 Edition
Last updated July 7, 2024
ACS
Free
Neilsberg
CSV, JSON
2018-2022
CC BY 4.0
About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the population of Salladasburg by race. It includes the population of Salladasburg across racial categories (excluding ethnicity) as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to understand the population distribution of Salladasburg across relevant racial categories.

Key observations

The percent distribution of Salladasburg population by race (across all racial categories recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau): 99.43% are white and 0.57% are Asian.

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

  • White
  • Black or African American
  • American Indian and Alaska Native
  • Asian
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
  • Some other race
  • Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

  • Race: This column displays the racial categories (excluding ethnicity) for the Salladasburg
  • Population: The population of the racial category (excluding ethnicity) in the Salladasburg is shown in this column.
  • % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each race as a proportion of Salladasburg total population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Salladasburg Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

Salladasburg, PA Non-Hispanic Population Breakdown By Race Dataset: Non-Hispanic Population Counts and Percentages for 7 Racial Categories as Identified by the US Census Bureau // 2024 Edition
Last updated July 7, 2024
ACS
Free
Neilsberg
CSV, JSON
2018-2022
CC BY 4.0
About this dataset

Context

The dataset tabulates the Non-Hispanic population of Salladasburg by race. It includes the distribution of the Non-Hispanic population of Salladasburg across various race categories as identified by the Census Bureau. The dataset can be utilized to understand the Non-Hispanic population distribution of Salladasburg across relevant racial categories.

Key observations

With a zero Hispanic population, Salladasburg is 100% Non-Hispanic. Among the Non-Hispanic population, the largest racial group is White alone with a population of 175 (99.43% of the total Non-Hispanic population).

Content

When available, the data consists of estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey (ACS) 2018-2022 5-Year Estimates.

Racial categories include:

  • White
  • Black or African American
  • American Indian and Alaska Native
  • Asian
  • Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander
  • Some other race
  • Two or more races (multiracial)

Variables / Data Columns

  • Race: This column displays the racial categories (for Non-Hispanic) for the Salladasburg
  • Population: The population of the racial category (for Non-Hispanic) in the Salladasburg is shown in this column.
  • % of Total Population: This column displays the percentage distribution of each race as a proportion of Salladasburg total Non-Hispanic population. Please note that the sum of all percentages may not equal one due to rounding of values.

Good to know

Margin of Error

Data in the dataset are based on the estimates and are subject to sampling variability and thus a margin of error. Neilsberg Research recommends using caution when presening these estimates in your research.

Custom data

If you do need custom data for any of your research project, report or presentation, you can contact our research staff at research@neilsberg.com for a feasibility of a custom tabulation on a fee-for-service basis.

Inspiration

Neilsberg Research Team curates, analyze and publishes demographics and economic data from a variety of public and proprietary sources, each of which often includes multiple surveys and programs. The large majority of Neilsberg Research aggregated datasets and insights is made available for free download at https://www.neilsberg.com/research/.

Recommended for further research

This dataset is a part of the main dataset for Salladasburg Population by Race & Ethnicity. You can refer the same here

If you're looking for datasets from another year, please feel free to contact us at research@neilsberg.com and we'll be happy to assist you further.

About the author

Neilsberg Research Avatar
Neilsberg Research team are data scientists with expertise in processing, analysis and visualization of big data helping small businesses make right decisions.

Share

This article is for informational purposes only and is not intended to be legal or tax advice. We recommend that you consult with a qualified professional such as a lawyer or accountant before making a decision. Many of the products and services featured here are from our affiliate partners. We may receive commissions on purchases made from our chosen links. Read advertiser disclosure.